{"id":82,"date":"2026-06-08T19:05:50","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T19:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/?page_id=82"},"modified":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","slug":"commercial-contract-law","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/commercial-contract-law\/","title":{"rendered":"German Commercial\n          Contract Law \u2014 Legal Advisory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<main id=\"main-content\">\n\n\n    <section class=\"hero-meridian hero-meridian--money\" aria-labelledby=\"page-h1\">\n      <div class=\"hero-meridian__rings\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"container hero-meridian__inner\">\n        <span class=\"hero-meridian__breadcrumb\"><a href=\"\/en\/\">Home<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/services\/\">Services<\/a>\n          &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-law\/\">Commercial Law<\/a>\n          &middot; Commercial Contract Law<\/span>\n        <h1 class=\"hero-meridian__h1\" id=\"page-h1\">German Commercial\n          Contract Law &mdash; Legal Advisory<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"hero-meridian__lead\">Commercial contract law covers\n          the full B2B agreement spectrum &mdash; supply contracts,\n          distribution and agency agreements, framework agreements, and\n          AGB review. Poorly drafted contracts are a common starting\n          point for B2B disputes. We advise German Mittelstand\n          companies and international counterparties on drafting,\n          review, and negotiation, in German and English.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"hero-meridian__actions\">\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn btn-light btn-lg\">\n            Request Advice<\/a>\n          <a href=\"#ccl-drafting\" class=\"btn btn-ghost-light btn-lg\">\n            Learn more &darr;<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <aside class=\"summary-box\" aria-label=\"At a glance\">\n        <span class=\"summary-box__eyebrow\">At a Glance<\/span>\n        <p class=\"summary-box__text\">Commercial contract law covers\n        the full B2B agreement spectrum &mdash; supply contracts,\n        distribution and agency agreements, framework agreements,\n        AGB (general terms and conditions) review, and\n        industry-specific contracts. We advise German Mittelstand\n        companies and international counterparties on drafting,\n        review, and negotiation, in German and English.<\/p>\n      <\/aside>\n    <\/div>\n    <section class=\"service-body\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n\n        <details class=\"page-toc-mobile\">\n          <summary class=\"page-toc-summary\">\n            <span class=\"page-toc-title\">Contents<\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n          <nav class=\"page-toc-nav\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <ul class=\"page-toc-list\">\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-drafting\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Contract drafting \u2014 B2B agreements<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-supply\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Supply and delivery contracts<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-distribution\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Distribution agreements<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-agency\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Agency agreements \u2014 \u00a7 84 HGB<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-agb\" class=\"page-toc-link\">General terms and conditions \u2014 AGB<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-framework\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Framework agreements<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-precontract\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Pre-contract negotiation support<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ccl-how\" class=\"page-toc-link\">How we advise<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/nav>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <div class=\"service-layout\">\n\n          <div class=\"service-prose\">\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-drafting\">Contract Drafting &mdash; B2B\n              Agreements<\/h2>\n            <p>The starting point in commercial contract advisory is\n            whether the contract accurately reflects the actual agreement\n            between the parties and adequately allocates risk. Standard\n            contracts from generic templates have two recurring\n            weaknesses: they are designed for the average case, and they\n            often do not reflect current obligations. For domestic B2B\n            transactions, companies must be able to receive structured\n            electronic invoices from 1&nbsp;January 2025; issuing\n            obligations are phased in under transitional rules.<\/p>\n            <p>We draft and review commercial contracts that are\n            structurally clear, legally sound, and adapted to the specific\n            business relationship and industry context &mdash; in German\n            and English.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-supply\">Supply and Delivery Contracts<\/h2>\n            <p>Supply contracts in German commercial law engage the HGB\n            inspection and notification obligations under\n            &sect;&nbsp;377 HGB: where the contract is a commercial\n            transaction for both parties, the buyer must inspect\n            delivered goods without undue delay and notify defects\n            promptly. Hidden defects must be notified without undue delay\n            after discovery. Where notification is not made in time, the\n            goods may be deemed approved in relation to the defect. In\n            international supply chains, this deadline is regularly\n            missed.<\/p>\n            <p>Standard supply contract provisions cover delivery\n            conditions (INCOTERMS, risk transfer, delivery deadlines),\n            simple, extended and expanded retention of title structures\n            (einfacher\/verl&auml;ngerter\/erweiterter Eigentumsvorbehalt),\n            defect notification and warranty periods, force majeure and\n            adaptation clauses, and liability limitations.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-distribution\">Distribution Agreements<\/h2>\n            <p>Distribution agreements govern the terms on which a\n            manufacturer or supplier grants a distributor the right to\n            sell products in a defined territory. Key provisions cover\n            exclusivity (exclusive, selective, or open distribution),\n            minimum purchase obligations, territorial restrictions,\n            marketing support, pricing, confidentiality, and\n            termination.<\/p>\n            <p>Under German and EU law, vertical agreements may be subject\n            to competition-law assessment, in particular under the\n            Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER). We advise on the\n            commercial structure and identify competition-law interfaces\n            where separate or more detailed competition-law assessment may\n            be required.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-agency\">Agency Agreements &mdash;\n              &sect;&nbsp;84 HGB<\/h2>\n            <p>A commercial agent (Handelsvertreter) under\n            &sect;&nbsp;84 HGB is an independent intermediary who\n            solicits business for a principal. The legal framework for\n            commercial agents is partly mandatory. The compensation claim\n            under &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB arises only where the statutory\n            requirements are met, in particular where the principal\n            continues to derive substantial benefits from customers\n            acquired or expanded by the agent and payment is equitable.\n            The claim is capped at one year&rsquo;s average annual\n            commission or remuneration, generally calculated on the basis\n            of the last five years or the shorter contract period. The\n            claim cannot be excluded in advance. Post-contractual\n            non-compete obligations (&sect;&nbsp;90a HGB) require\n            compensation and must meet statutory limits.<\/p>\n            <p>Distributors or authorised resellers\n            (Eigenh&auml;ndler), who purchase and resell in their own\n            name and for their own account, are in principle not\n            commercial agents. However, commercial-agent rules, including\n            aspects of &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB, may be applied by analogy in\n            specific constellations, especially where the distributor is\n            integrated into the supplier&rsquo;s sales organisation and\n            obliged to transfer customer data.<\/p>\n            <p>We draft and review agency and distribution agreements with\n            attention to the mandatory statutory framework, the\n            compensation exposure on termination, and the practical\n            commercial terms.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-agb\">General Terms and Conditions &mdash; AGB\n              Review<\/h2>\n            <p>General terms and conditions (Allgemeine\n            Gesch&auml;ftsbedingungen, AGB) allow a company to apply\n            uniform contractual terms across all business relationships.\n            They save negotiation time but create legal risk where\n            individual clauses fail the review under\n            &sect;&sect;&nbsp;305&nbsp;ff. BGB.<\/p>\n            <p>In B2B transactions, the standard is less strict than in\n            consumer contracts, but the rules still apply: surprising\n            clauses under &sect;&nbsp;305c(1) BGB do not become part of\n            the contract; clauses that unreasonably disadvantage the\n            counterparty or lack transparency are void under\n            &sect;&nbsp;307 BGB. Liability limitations, especially for\n            gross negligence, bodily injury, essential contractual\n            obligations and wilful misconduct, require careful drafting.\n            Exclusions of liability for wilful misconduct are prohibited\n            under &sect;&nbsp;276(3) BGB.<\/p>\n            <p>We review existing AGB for problem clauses, advise on AGB\n            negotiation strategy between parties with conflicting\n            standard terms (the &ldquo;battle of forms&rdquo;), and draft\n            new AGB &mdash; for domestic B2B relationships and for\n            international counterparties, in German and English.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-framework\">Framework Agreements<\/h2>\n            <p>Framework agreements (Rahmenvertr&auml;ge) establish the\n            general terms for a business relationship, with individual\n            orders or call-offs executed against the framework. They are\n            used in supplier-customer relationships with recurring\n            transactions. The framework agreement covers pricing, quality\n            standards, delivery conditions, liability, and termination;\n            individual orders incorporate the framework terms.<\/p>\n            <p>The relationship between framework terms and individual\n            order terms, and the question of which terms prevail in case\n            of conflict, should be addressed expressly rather than left\n            to uncertain battle-of-forms rules.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-precontract\">Pre-Contract Negotiation\n              Support<\/h2>\n            <p>We advise at the pre-contract stage: reviewing term sheets\n            and letters of intent, identifying risk allocation issues\n            before drafting begins, and providing input during\n            negotiation to avoid provisions that create litigation risk\n            later. Early legal input can be more cost-efficient than\n            advice only after a dispute has arisen.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ccl-how\">How We Advise<\/h2>\n            <p>We advise German Mittelstand companies and international\n            counterparties on the full range of commercial contracts\n            &mdash; from drafting and review through to negotiation\n            support and dispute prevention. For cross-border commercial\n            contracts, see our\n            <a href=\"\/en\/international-contracts\/\">international contracts\n            page<\/a>. For general contract law and civil contracts, see\n            our <a href=\"\/en\/contract-law-germany\/\">contract law page<\/a>.\n            Our firm advises in German and English.<\/p>\n\n            <p class=\"anwalt-hinweis\">Advice by\n              <a href=\"\/en\/firm\/alexander-kagan\/\">Alexander Kagan,\n              Attorney at Law<\/a>, admitted to the Hanseatic Bar\n              Association Hamburg. As of: June 2026.<\/p>\n            <p class=\"page-disclaimer\">The contents of this page are for\n            general information only and do not constitute legal advice.\n            A mandate is established only upon express acceptance.<\/p>\n\n          <\/div><!-- \/.service-prose -->\n\n          <aside class=\"page-toc-sidebar\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <nav>\n              <p class=\"page-toc-sidebar__heading\">Contents<\/p>\n              <ul class=\"page-toc-list\">\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-drafting\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Contract drafting \u2014 B2B agreements<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-supply\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Supply and delivery contracts<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-distribution\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Distribution agreements<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-agency\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Agency agreements \u2014 \u00a7 84 HGB<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-agb\" class=\"page-toc-link\">General terms and conditions \u2014 AGB<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-framework\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Framework agreements<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-precontract\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Pre-contract negotiation support<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ccl-how\" class=\"page-toc-link\">How we advise<\/a><\/li>\n              <\/ul>\n            <\/nav>\n          <\/aside>\n\n        <\/div><!-- \/.service-layout -->\n      <\/div><!-- \/.container -->\n    <\/section><!-- \/.service-body -->\n\n    <section class=\"section-related\" id=\"leistungen\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"section-label\">Related Services<\/div>\n        <h2>Commercial Contract Law &mdash; Related Pages<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"related-grid\">\n          <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-law\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Commercial Law Hub<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contract-law-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">German Contract Law<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/international-contracts\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">International\n              Contracts<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contract-disputes-germany\/\"\n            class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Contract Disputes\n              Germany<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/debt-collection-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Debt Collection\n              Germany<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-civil-disputes\/\"\n            class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Commercial &amp; Civil\n              Disputes<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/corporate-law-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Cross-Cluster<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">German Corporate\n              Law<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/ongoing-corporate-counsel\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Cross-Cluster<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Ongoing Corporate\n              Counsel<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"faq-section\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-heading-ccl\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"section-label\">FAQ<\/div>\n        <h2 id=\"faq-heading-ccl\">Frequently Asked Questions &mdash;\n          German Commercial Contract Law<\/h2>\n        <ul class=\"faq-list\" role=\"list\">\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Standard contract or bespoke &mdash; which should\n                I use?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>Standard contracts serve the average case. Where the\n              transaction has specific risk allocation needs &mdash;\n              unusual payment terms, significant liability exposure,\n              cross-border elements, or long-term supply relationships\n              &mdash; a bespoke contract is the more robust solution.\n              Standard templates can be a useful starting point but\n              should be reviewed against the actual transaction before\n              being relied upon.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>What should I look for in an AGB review?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>The main areas: surprising clauses under\n              &sect;&nbsp;305c BGB that may not become part of the\n              contract; clauses that unreasonably disadvantage the\n              counterparty under &sect;&nbsp;307 BGB; liability\n              limitations for gross negligence (limited enforceability\n              in B2B); and prohibited liability exclusions for wilful\n              misconduct. In B2B contracts, AGB review is less\n              consumer-protective than in B2C, but transparency and\n              unreasonable-disadvantage control still matter. In\n              international contexts, proper incorporation under the\n              applicable law is an additional question.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>What are the key provisions in a distribution\n                agreement?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>Exclusivity and territorial scope, minimum purchase\n              obligations, pricing and rebate structures, marketing\n              support, sub-distribution rights, termination provisions\n              (notice, post-termination obligations), and\n              confidentiality. Where the arrangement is actually\n              structured as a commercial agency relationship under\n              &sect;&nbsp;84 HGB, the mandatory compensation rules\n              under &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB must be addressed. For\n              distributors or resellers, analogous application may\n              become relevant in specific constellations.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>What is the agency compensation claim under\n                &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>On termination of a commercial agency agreement, the\n              agent may have a statutory compensation claim under\n              &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB where the principal continues to\n              derive substantial benefits from customers acquired or\n              expanded by the agent and payment is equitable. The\n              claim is capped at one year&rsquo;s average annual\n              commission or remuneration, generally calculated from\n              the last five years or the shorter contractual period.\n              It cannot be excluded in advance.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Does German law or international law apply to my\n                commercial contract?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>That depends on the choice-of-law clause, Rome I\n              and &mdash; for international sales of goods &mdash;\n              the CISG. The CISG may apply where the parties have\n              their places of business in different Contracting\n              States, or where conflict-of-law rules lead to the law\n              of a Contracting State, unless excluded or modified by\n              agreement. Rome I often points to the law of the\n              habitual residence of the characteristic performer,\n              subject to exceptions and mandatory rules. Choice of\n              law and choice of jurisdiction are separate questions.\n              Further detail is on our\n              <a href=\"\/en\/international-contracts\/\">international\n              contracts page<\/a>.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>How should a commercial contract be drafted to be\n                litigation-ready?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>Key elements: clear definition of obligations and\n              deliverables, measurable performance standards,\n              unambiguous payment terms and default provisions,\n              express notice requirements, a workable termination\n              mechanism, a dispute resolution clause with specified\n              jurisdiction, and a governing law clause checked against\n              &sect;&sect;&nbsp;307&nbsp;ff. BGB and realistic risk\n              exposure.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"section-cta\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"cta-inner\">\n          <div class=\"section-label\">Request Advice<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"cta-heading\">Commercial Contracts &mdash;\n            Request Advice<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"cta-body\">We advise on B2B commercial contracts\n          &mdash; drafting, review, negotiation, AGB, distribution,\n          agency, and supply agreements.<\/p>\n          <p class=\"cta-body\">Please outline your situation briefly.\n          Useful details include contract type, counterparty location,\n          governing law, and the specific question.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"cta-actions\">\n            <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn btn-primary btn-lg\">\n              Request Advice<\/a>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"cta-body page-meta\">Please do not send confidential\n          original documents before a mandate has been accepted.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n  \n<\/main>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n  {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"Service\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/commercial-contract-law\/#service\",\n        \"name\": \"German Commercial Contract Lawyer Hamburg\",\n        \"description\": \"Legal advice on German commercial contracts \u2014 B2B agreements, distribution, agency (\u00a7 84 HGB), AGB review, supply chain contracts, framework agreements. 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Poorly drafted contracts are a common starting point for B2B disputes. We advise German Mittelstand companies and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-leistung","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-82","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/82","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/82\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}