{"id":117,"date":"2026-06-08T19:05:51","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T19:05:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/?page_id=117"},"modified":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","slug":"managing-directors-shareholders","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/managing-directors-shareholders\/","title":{"rendered":"Managing Directors and Shareholders \u2014 German GmbH Law"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<main id=\"main-content\">\n\n\n  <section class=\"hero-meridian hero-meridian--money\" aria-labelledby=\"page-h1\">\n    <div class=\"hero-meridian__rings\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n    <span class=\"hero-meridian__accent-num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span>\n    <div class=\"container hero-meridian__inner\">\n      <span class=\"hero-meridian__breadcrumb\"><a href=\"\/en\/\">Home<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/services\/\">Services<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/company-formation\/\">Company Formation &amp; Corporate Law<\/a> &middot; Managing Directors &amp; Shareholders<\/span>\n      <h1 class=\"hero-meridian__h1\" id=\"page-h1\">Managing Directors and Shareholders &mdash; German GmbH Law<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"hero-meridian__lead\">Managing directors and shareholders of a GmbH stand in a legally precisely defined relationship &mdash; with clearly distinct rights, duties and liability profiles. Alexander Kagan advises in Hamburg on managing director service agreements, removal, liability, shareholder disputes and employee participation.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"hero-meridian__actions\">\n        <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn btn-light btn-lg\">Request a consultation<\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/company-formation\/\" class=\"btn btn-ghost-light btn-lg\">Company Formation overview<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"service-body\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n\n      <div class=\"page-toc-mobile\">\n        <details class=\"page-toc-details\">\n          <summary class=\"page-toc-summary\">Contents<\/summary>\n          <nav class=\"page-toc-nav\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <ol class=\"page-toc-list\" role=\"list\">\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-roles\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Roles and distinction<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-agreement\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Managing director service agreement<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-liability\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Liability under \u00a7 43 GmbHG<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-removal\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Removal and resignation<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-esop\" class=\"page-toc-link\">ESOP, VSOP and \u00a7 19a EStG<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-dispute\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Shareholder exclusion and disputes<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-advice\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Advice in Hamburg<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/nav>\n        <\/details>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"service-layout\">\n      <div class=\"service-prose\">\n\n        <div class=\"summary-box\">\n          <p class=\"summary-box__eyebrow\">At a glance<\/p>\n          <p class=\"summary-box__text\">Managing directors represent and manage the GmbH and may be personally liable to the company for culpable breaches of duty under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG. Separate personal liability towards third parties may arise under insolvency, tax, social-security or general civil-law rules. Shareholders hold interests and take fundamental decisions at the shareholders&rsquo; meeting. Both roles may be combined in one person (shareholder-director) &mdash; with specific questions as to the service agreement, removal, liability and remuneration. We advise managing directors and shareholders in Hamburg &mdash; in German and English.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-roles\">Managing directors and shareholders &mdash; the legal distinction<\/h2>\n        <p><strong>Shareholders<\/strong> hold interests in the GmbH and take the key decisions at the shareholders&rsquo; meeting: profit distribution, amendments to the articles, capital measures, appointment and removal of the managing director. In principle, only the company&rsquo;s assets are liable for the GmbH&rsquo;s obligations; personal liability of shareholders arises only in specific circumstances, such as unpaid contributions, personal guarantees or conduct giving rise to personal liability.<\/p>\n        <p><strong>Managing directors<\/strong> represent the GmbH externally under &sect;&nbsp;35 GmbHG and manage its affairs subject to the law, the articles, applicable rules of procedure and permissible shareholder instructions. Internal restrictions on management authority generally do not limit the managing director&rsquo;s statutory power to represent the company towards third parties. Managing directors are personally liable to the company for culpable breaches of duty under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG. Their position rests on two legally separate relationships: the corporate appointment (organschaftliche Bestellung), which establishes the corporate office and statutory power of representation, and the service agreement (Anstellungsvertrag), which governs remuneration, duties, benefits, termination and other contractual matters.<\/p>\n        <p>Many GmbHs have a shareholder-director &mdash; one person who both holds interests and runs the company. This dual role raises specific questions as to remuneration, pension commitments, non-competition obligations, the right to give instructions and liability. The precise arrangement has corporate, tax and, where relevant, immigration consequences.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-agreement\">The managing director service agreement<\/h2>\n        <p>A managing-director service agreement is generally a service contract rather than an ordinary employment contract. The classification may nevertheless differ for particular purposes under labour, social-security, tax, EU and immigration law.<\/p>\n        <p>Typical provisions address the scope of duties, internal decision-making authority, reporting obligations, consent requirements of the shareholders&rsquo; meeting, applicable corporate representation arrangements, remuneration including any variable component, non-competition obligations during and after the appointment, and provisions for termination and severance. Pension commitments to shareholder-directors require particular tax review: the terms must be clear, agreed in advance, appropriate and capable of being earned, and the company must be able to finance the commitment. Otherwise the commitment or related expense may be treated wholly or partly as a hidden profit distribution (verdeckte Gewinnausch&uuml;ttung). Tax structuring should be coordinated with a tax adviser.<\/p>\n        <p>We draft managing director service agreements for new and existing GmbHs and review existing agreements for gaps and liability risks. Related page for the immigration dimension: <a href=\"\/en\/managing-director-residence-permit-germany\/\">managing director residence permit<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-liability\">Managing director liability under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG<\/h2>\n        <p>Under &sect;&nbsp;43(1) GmbHG, managing directors must exercise the care of a prudent businessperson in the affairs of the company. A culpable breach that causes loss to the company may result in personal liability to the company under &sect;&nbsp;43(2) GmbHG. This internal liability may also apply to a shareholder-director.<\/p>\n        <p>Separate personal liability towards third parties may arise under other provisions. Payments made after the company has become illiquid or overindebted within the meaning of insolvency law may expose the managing director to personal liability under &sect;&nbsp;15b InsO, unless the payment is compatible with the care of a prudent and conscientious manager. Separate personal tax liability may arise under &sect;&sect;&nbsp;34 and 69 AO where the managing director intentionally or through gross negligence breaches the company&rsquo;s tax obligations. Further personal liability risks arise from breaches of accounting obligations, violations of non-competition obligations and conflicts of interest between the company and a shareholder.<\/p>\n        <p>The decision to assert the company&rsquo;s claims against a managing director generally falls within the shareholders&rsquo; competence under &sect;&nbsp;46 no.&nbsp;8 GmbHG. The shareholders&rsquo; resolution should also address who will represent the company in the dispute. Exceptions and alternative enforcement mechanisms may require separate assessment, particularly in insolvency or deadlock situations. The statutory duties under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG apply to both external and shareholder-directors. Differences may arise from control rights, conflicts of interest, remuneration arrangements, tax treatment and the factual allocation of responsibilities. We advise managing directors on preventive liability management and in specific liability situations.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-removal\">Removal and resignation<\/h2>\n        <p>Under &sect;&nbsp;38(1) GmbHG, the appointment may generally be revoked at any time, without prejudice to contractual compensation claims. The articles may restrict revocation to cases involving good cause under &sect;&nbsp;38(2) GmbHG.<\/p>\n        <p>Removal from office does not itself terminate the service agreement. Conversely, termination of the service agreement does not automatically remove the managing director from office. Separate corporate and contractual measures may therefore be required. Whether and to what extent remuneration claims continue depends on the contract, any notice given, any release from duties and possible grounds for immediate termination.<\/p>\n        <p>In practice, the decoupling of the corporate appointment from the service agreement is frequently underestimated. A managing director who is removed loses access to the company &mdash; the question of what happens to the service agreement is legally independent and must be resolved separately. Managing this situation requires legal advice on both sides.<\/p>\n        <p>A managing director may generally resign from office by declaration to the competent corporate body. The effectiveness of the resignation must be distinguished from possible contractual liability. A resignation in breach of contractual duties may give rise to damages, and an abusive resignation may be ineffective in exceptional circumstances.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-esop\">Employee participation &mdash; ESOP, VSOP and &sect;&nbsp;19a EStG<\/h2>\n        <p>Employee equity plans may involve direct shares or options to acquire shares. An option does not itself confer shareholder status; shareholder rights arise only once shares have been validly acquired. Transfers of GmbH shares and agreements creating an obligation to transfer them may trigger the notarial-form requirements of &sect;&nbsp;15 GmbHG. Employee participation schemes are gaining prominence in the German Mittelstand and among start-ups. The reforms introduced through the Future Financing Act (Zukunftsfinanzierungsgesetz, ZuFinG, in force since December 2023) expanded the potential application of &sect;&nbsp;19a EStG to qualifying employee equity structures. They did not place virtual participation plans within the provision.<\/p>\n        <p>A <strong>VSOP<\/strong> (Virtual Stock Option Plan) replicates equity participation contractually &mdash; without actual shareholding, conferring a payment entitlement on exit. Purely virtual participation rights under a VSOP are contractual payment claims and do not constitute qualifying equity interests under &sect;&nbsp;19a EStG. They therefore do not benefit from the &sect;&nbsp;19a tax deferral merely because their value is linked to an exit or company valuation.<\/p>\n        <p>&sect;&nbsp;19a EStG may defer taxation only where qualifying actual equity is transferred to an employee free of charge or at a discount in addition to the salary otherwise owed, provided the statutory company, participation and employee-consent requirements are met. The mere grant of an option without a transfer of qualifying equity is not sufficient. The provision is subject to statutory size and age thresholds for the employer or qualifying group and requires the employee&rsquo;s consent for application in the payroll procedure. The company must therefore verify eligibility before promising a particular tax treatment. The deferred employment-tax amount generally becomes taxable when the participation is transferred in whole or in part, 15 years after the qualifying transfer, or when the employment relationship with the former employer ends. Under &sect;&nbsp;19a(4a) EStG, the 15-year and termination events may be deferred further where the employer makes the required irrevocable liability declaration. The tax structuring should be coordinated with a tax adviser &mdash; we handle the corporate law side.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-dispute\">Shareholder exclusion and dispute resolution<\/h2>\n        <p>Shareholder conflicts frequently arise at the interfaces of strategy, remuneration, succession or ownership structure. Redemption of a share under &sect;&nbsp;34 GmbHG is available only where the articles authorise it. A compulsory redemption without the affected shareholder&rsquo;s consent requires that the relevant grounds were already contained in the articles before the shareholder acquired the share. Capital-maintenance requirements and the compensation consequences must also be observed.<\/p>\n        <p>Exclusion of a shareholder for good cause, compulsory redemption, compulsory transfer and an agreed separation are distinct legal mechanisms. The available route depends on the articles, the seriousness of the conduct, proportionality, procedural requirements and the treatment of the affected share and compensation claim. Exclusion for good cause may also be pursued under general corporate-law principles, but is an exceptional remedy and requires careful procedural and proportionality analysis.<\/p>\n        <p>We advise companies, shareholder groups, managing directors or affected shareholders in conflict situations &mdash; never parties with conflicting interests in the same matter.<\/p>\n\n        <h2 id=\"ggs-advice\">Advice in Hamburg<\/h2>\n        <p>We advise managing directors and shareholders in Hamburg on service agreements, liability, removal, employee participation and disputes &mdash; as a boutique commercial law practice with a focus on GmbH structures and international mandates. In German and English.<\/p>\n\n        <p class=\"anwalt-hinweis\">Advice is provided by <a href=\"\/en\/firm\/alexander-kagan\/\">Alexander Kagan<\/a>, admitted as a German Rechtsanwalt and a member of the Hanseatic Bar Association Hamburg (Hanseatische Rechtsanwaltskammer Hamburg).<\/p>\n\n        <p class=\"page-disclaimer\">The content of this page is general information only and does not constitute legal advice. The corporate law assessment depends on the circumstances of the individual case.<\/p>\n\n      <\/div><!-- \/.service-prose -->\n\n      <aside class=\"page-toc-sidebar\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n        <div class=\"page-toc-box\">\n          <div class=\"page-toc-title\">Contents<\/div>\n          <nav aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <ol class=\"page-toc-list\" role=\"list\">\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-roles\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Roles and distinction<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-agreement\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Service agreement<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-liability\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Liability \u00a7 43 GmbHG<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-removal\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Removal and resignation<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-esop\" class=\"page-toc-link\">ESOP, VSOP and \u00a7 19a EStG<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-dispute\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Shareholder disputes<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ggs-advice\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Advice in Hamburg<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ol>\n          <\/nav>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/aside>\n\n      <\/div><!-- \/.service-layout -->\n    <\/div><!-- \/.container -->\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"section-related\" aria-label=\"Related topics \u2014 managing directors and shareholders\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <div class=\"section-label\">Related topics<\/div>\n      <h2>Managing directors &amp; shareholders &mdash; related services<\/h2>\n      <div class=\"related-grid\">\n        <a href=\"\/en\/company-formation\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Overview<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">Company Formation &amp; Corporate Law<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/corporate-law-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Corporate law<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">Corporate law in Germany<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/managing-director-residence-permit-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Immigration<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">Managing director residence permit<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/gmbh-formation-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Formation<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">GmbH formation in Germany<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/ongoing-corporate-counsel\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Ongoing<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">Ongoing corporate counsel<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/employment-contracts-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n          <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Employment law<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-title\">Employment contracts<\/span>\n          <span class=\"related-card-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"faq-section faq-section--surface\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-heading-ggs\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <div class=\"section-label\">FAQ<\/div>\n      <h2 id=\"faq-heading-ggs\">Frequently asked questions on managing directors and shareholders<\/h2>\n      <ul class=\"faq-list\" role=\"list\">\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>What is the difference between a managing director and a shareholder?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>Shareholders hold interests in the GmbH and take fundamental decisions at the shareholders&rsquo; meeting. In principle, only the company&rsquo;s assets are liable for the GmbH&rsquo;s obligations; personal liability of shareholders arises only in specific circumstances. Managing directors represent the GmbH externally under &sect;&nbsp;35 GmbHG and manage its affairs subject to the law, the articles, rules of procedure and permissible shareholder instructions &mdash; with personal liability to the company under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG for culpable breaches of duty. Separate personal liability towards third parties may arise under insolvency, tax or other provisions. Both roles may be combined in one person.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>What should a managing director service agreement regulate?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>A managing director service agreement should address the scope of duties, internal decision-making authority, reporting obligations, consent requirements of the shareholders&rsquo; meeting, remuneration including variable components, non-competition obligations during and after the appointment, and provisions for termination and severance. Pension commitments to a shareholder-director require particular tax review because of the risk of a hidden profit distribution (verdeckte Gewinnausch&uuml;ttung).<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>When is a managing director personally liable?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>Under &sect;&nbsp;43 GmbHG, a managing director may be personally liable to the company where a culpable breach of duty causes loss. Further personal liability may arise under separate insolvency, tax or social-security provisions. Particular risks include payments after insolvency maturity under &sect;&nbsp;15b InsO, failures in accounting and tax compliance, conflicts of interest and disregard of internal approval requirements. The decision to assert the company&rsquo;s claims generally falls within &sect;&nbsp;46 no.&nbsp;8 GmbHG and should also address who represents the company in the dispute.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>Can a managing director be removed at any time?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>Generally yes. Under &sect;&nbsp;38(1) GmbHG, the appointment may be revoked at any time, without prejudice to contractual compensation claims. Removal terminates the corporate appointment &mdash; not automatically the service agreement. Conversely, termination of the service agreement does not automatically remove the managing director from office. Separate corporate and contractual measures are therefore often required. The articles may restrict revocation to cases of good cause under &sect;&nbsp;38(2) GmbHG.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>What is an ESOP and what changed under &sect;&nbsp;19a EStG?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>Employee equity plans may involve direct shares or options to acquire shares. The grant of an option alone does not confer shareholder status. &sect;&nbsp;19a EStG may defer taxation only where qualifying actual equity is transferred to an employee and the statutory requirements &mdash; including company size and age thresholds and employee consent &mdash; are met. Taxation generally occurs on a later transfer, after 15 years, or on termination of employment, subject to the employer-liability election under &sect;&nbsp;19a(4a) EStG. Purely virtual payment claims under a VSOP do not qualify for the &sect;&nbsp;19a deferral. Tax structuring should be coordinated with a tax adviser.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li class=\"faq-item\">\n          <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>What happens on the exclusion of a shareholder?<\/span>\n            <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n            <p>The available mechanism depends on the articles and the circumstances. Redemption under &sect;&nbsp;34 GmbHG requires a basis in the articles; compulsory redemption without the affected shareholder&rsquo;s consent is subject to the additional requirement that the relevant grounds were already contained in the articles before the shareholder acquired the share. A compulsory transfer, exclusion for good cause or an agreed separation may be alternatives. Compensation, capital-maintenance, voting and procedural requirements must be reviewed in each case.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/li>\n\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"section-cta\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <div class=\"cta-inner\">\n        <div class=\"section-label\">Request a consultation<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"cta-heading\">Do you have questions on managing director service agreements, liability, removal, employee participation or shareholder disputes under German GmbH law?<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"cta-body\">Briefly describe your matter using the enquiry form. We will assess which legal area is relevant and whether we can take on the matter.<\/p>\n        <p class=\"cta-body page-meta\">Please do not send original documents or extensive attachments with an initial enquiry.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cta-actions\">\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/?topic=managing-directors-shareholders\" class=\"btn btn-primary btn-lg\">Request a consultation<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/services\/\" class=\"btn btn-ghost btn-lg\">All services<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n\n<\/main>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n  {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"Service\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/managing-directors-shareholders\/#service\",\n        \"name\": \"Managing Directors and Shareholders GmbH \u2014 Legal Advice Hamburg\",\n        \"description\": \"Legal advice for GmbH managing directors and shareholders \u2014 service agreements, \u00a7 43 GmbHG liability, removal, ESOP\/VSOP, \u00a7 19a EStG, shareholder disputes.\",\n        \"provider\": {\n          \"@type\": \"LegalService\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/#legalservice\",\n          \"name\": \"Kagan Legal\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/\"\n        },\n        \"areaServed\": \"DE\",\n        \"availableLanguage\": [\"German\", \"English\"]\n      },\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/managing-directors-shareholders\/#faq\",\n        \"mainEntity\": [\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"When is a GmbH managing director personally liable?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"Under \u00a7 43 GmbHG, a managing director may be personally liable to the company for culpable breaches of duty. 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Alexander Kagan advises in Hamburg on managing director service [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-leistung","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-117","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}