{"id":115,"date":"2026-06-08T19:05:51","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T19:05:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/?page_id=115"},"modified":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T16:01:47","slug":"international-contracts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/international-contracts\/","title":{"rendered":"International\n          Contracts \u2014 German and CISG Advisory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<main id=\"main-content\">\n\n\n    <section class=\"hero-meridian hero-meridian--money\" aria-labelledby=\"page-h1\">\n      <div class=\"hero-meridian__rings\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"container hero-meridian__inner\">\n        <span class=\"hero-meridian__breadcrumb\"><a href=\"\/en\/\">Home<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/services\/\">Services<\/a>\n          &middot; <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-law\/\">Commercial Law<\/a>\n          &middot; International Contracts<\/span>\n        <h1 class=\"hero-meridian__h1\" id=\"page-h1\">International\n          Contracts &mdash; German and CISG Advisory<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"hero-meridian__lead\">International contracts under\n          German law raise four additional questions beyond the\n          domestic context: which law governs, where disputes are\n          heard, which language version is authoritative, and whether\n          the CISG applies. These questions affect liability,\n          limitation periods, enforcement and dispute strategy.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"hero-meridian__actions\">\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn btn-light btn-lg\">\n            Request Advice<\/a>\n          <a href=\"#ic-distinguishes\" class=\"btn btn-ghost-light btn-lg\">\n            Learn more &darr;<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <aside class=\"summary-box\" aria-label=\"At a glance\">\n        <span class=\"summary-box__eyebrow\">At a Glance<\/span>\n        <p class=\"summary-box__text\">International contracts under\n        German law engage four questions that purely domestic\n        contracts do not: which law governs, where disputes are\n        heard, which language version is authoritative, and whether\n        the CISG applies to the transaction. These questions affect\n        liability, limitation periods, enforcement and dispute\n        strategy. We advise on cross-border contract drafting,\n        choice of law, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution clauses\n        in German and English.<\/p>\n      <\/aside>\n    <\/div>\n    <section class=\"service-body\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n\n        <details class=\"page-toc-mobile\">\n          <summary class=\"page-toc-summary\">\n            <span class=\"page-toc-title\">Contents<\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n          <nav class=\"page-toc-nav\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <ul class=\"page-toc-list\">\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-distinguishes\" class=\"page-toc-link\">What distinguishes international contracts<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-cisg\" class=\"page-toc-link\">The CISG \u2014 when it applies<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-romai\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Choice of law \u2014 Rome I<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-jurisdiction\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Choice of jurisdiction \u2014 Brussels Ia<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-arbitration\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Arbitration vs court<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-crossborder\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Cross-border supply, distribution and agency<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-multilingual\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Multilingual contracts<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-hamburg\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Hamburg as forum<\/a><\/li>\n              <li><a href=\"#ic-how\" class=\"page-toc-link\">How we advise<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n          <\/nav>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <div class=\"service-layout\">\n\n          <div class=\"service-prose\">\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-distinguishes\">What Distinguishes International\n              Contracts<\/h2>\n            <p>A domestic B2B contract raises two core questions: what\n            are the obligations, and what happens if they are breached?\n            An international contract raises four additional ones: which\n            law governs the contract? Which court or tribunal has\n            jurisdiction? Which language version is authoritative? And\n            does the UN Convention on Contracts for the International\n            Sale of Goods (CISG) apply &mdash; intentionally or not?<\/p>\n            <p>These questions are practical, not merely academic. They\n            determine which court has jurisdiction, which limitation\n            periods run, and which party has the better starting position\n            in a dispute. Contracts that are not explicit on these points\n            leave them to statutory defaults that may not align with what\n            the parties expected.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-cisg\">The CISG &mdash; When It Applies and When\n              to Exclude It<\/h2>\n            <p>The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale\n            of Goods (CISG) applies to international sales of goods where\n            the parties have their places of business in different\n            Contracting States, or where conflict-of-law rules lead to\n            the law of a Contracting State &mdash; unless the parties\n            exclude or modify it. Germany is a Contracting State. The\n            CISG applies to sales of goods; it does not generally apply\n            to service contracts, licence agreements, corporate\n            transactions or consumer sales. The CISG applies\n            automatically where its conditions are met and does not need\n            to be named in the contract.<\/p>\n            <p>Key practical differences between the CISG and German\n            domestic sales law (BGB\/HGB): the CISG has no requirement of\n            formal writing for contract formation; the CISG&rsquo;s\n            notice rules for non-conformity differ from\n            &sect;&nbsp;377 HGB; the CISG does not contain the German\n            statutory AGB control under &sect;&sect;&nbsp;305&nbsp;ff.\n            BGB &mdash; however, incorporation, validity and\n            standard-term control may still have to be assessed under\n            the applicable domestic law. The CISG does not\n            comprehensively govern limitation periods; limitation must\n            usually be assessed under the applicable domestic law or any\n            applicable limitation convention.<\/p>\n            <p>Whether to exclude the CISG depends on the specific\n            transaction, the counterparty&rsquo;s jurisdiction, and\n            which set of rules produces a more predictable outcome.\n            Reflexive exclusion is not always advisable. Where exclusion\n            is wanted, the clause should be express and carefully\n            drafted &mdash; for example: &ldquo;The United Nations\n            Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods\n            (CISG) is excluded&rdquo; &mdash; if this is the intended\n            result.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-romai\">Choice of Law &mdash; Rome I\n              Regulation<\/h2>\n            <p>Choice of law and jurisdiction are separate questions.\n            Rome I applies before courts in EU Member States and\n            determines the law applicable to contractual obligations in\n            civil and commercial matters. It can point to the law of an\n            EU or non-EU state. An express choice-of-law clause in the\n            contract is the most reliable method. Where no effective\n            choice of law is made, Rome I provides default rules &mdash;\n            most importantly, the law of the habitual residence of the\n            characteristic performer (Art.&nbsp;4 Rome I), subject to\n            exceptions and mandatory rules.<\/p>\n            <p>German law can be a suitable governing law for many\n            international commercial contracts, particularly where\n            performance, counterparty or enforcement links exist in\n            Germany. Parties should be aware that choosing German law\n            does not automatically exclude the CISG &mdash; a separate\n            exclusion clause is required if the CISG is not wanted.<\/p>\n            <p>If proceedings take place before a court outside the EU,\n            that court will apply its own private international law. A\n            German-law clause remains relevant, but its treatment depends\n            on the foreign forum.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-jurisdiction\">Choice of Jurisdiction &mdash;\n              Brussels Ia<\/h2>\n            <p>Within the EU, jurisdiction and recognition\/enforcement of\n            judgments are primarily governed by Brussels Ia. A\n            jurisdiction clause should be drafted separately from the\n            governing-law clause. A jurisdiction clause in favour of\n            German courts may create exclusive jurisdiction under\n            Art.&nbsp;25 Brussels Ia if the formal and substantive\n            requirements are met, unless the parties agree otherwise or\n            an exception applies.<\/p>\n            <p>A jurisdiction clause in favour of German courts can be\n            appropriate where German law is chosen, witnesses and\n            evidence are in Germany, or enforcement within the EU is\n            expected. Where the counterparty is outside the EU,\n            enforcement of German court judgments depends on bilateral\n            treaties, national rules or reciprocity &mdash; which vary\n            by jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-arbitration\">Arbitration vs Court<\/h2>\n            <p>Arbitration may be more suitable where confidentiality,\n            neutral forum or enforceability outside the EU are important.\n            Arbitral awards may benefit from the New York Convention\n            enforcement framework in many jurisdictions. For many\n            German-law disputes, state courts may also be suitable.<\/p>\n            <p>Depending on the contract, German or international\n            arbitration rules such as DIS, ICC or sector-specific rules\n            may be considered. Arbitration clauses require careful\n            drafting: institution, rules, seat, language, number of\n            arbitrators, and governing law must all be addressed. A\n            defective arbitration clause can result in a jurisdictional\n            dispute before the merits are even reached. We advise on\n            dispute-resolution clauses and coordinate specialist\n            arbitration counsel where appropriate.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-crossborder\">Cross-Border Supply, Distribution\n              and Agency<\/h2>\n            <p>For international supply and distribution agreements, the\n            choice of law and jurisdiction intersect with the commercial\n            structure: INCOTERMS risk transfer rules, retention of title\n            provisions (which may not be recognised in all\n            jurisdictions), and international contracts can raise\n            sanctions, export-control or dual-use interfaces &mdash; we\n            identify these issues at contract level and coordinate\n            specialist compliance advice where the exposure is\n            significant.<\/p>\n            <p>Where German law applies to a commercial agency agreement,\n            the mandatory compensation rules under &sect;&nbsp;89b HGB\n            may become relevant if the statutory requirements are met.\n            For distributors or authorised resellers, analogous\n            application of commercial-agent principles may be considered\n            only in specific constellations, especially where the\n            distributor is integrated into the supplier&rsquo;s sales\n            organisation and obliged to transfer customer data. These\n            issues should be addressed at the drafting stage. Further\n            detail is on our\n            <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-contract-law\/\">commercial contract\n            law page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-multilingual\">Multilingual Contracts and\n              Governing Language<\/h2>\n            <p>International contracts are frequently drafted in English\n            or in two languages. The governing language clause\n            determines which version prevails in case of inconsistency.\n            Where no governing language is specified and both versions\n            are deemed equally authoritative, inconsistencies between\n            versions can become a focal point of dispute.<\/p>\n            <p>A contract drafted in English but governed by German law\n            requires careful alignment of English-language terms with\n            their German legal equivalents. German legal concepts &mdash;\n            Werkvertrag, Eigentumsvorbehalt, Anfechtung &mdash; do not\n            always map directly onto common law concepts and should be\n            reflected accurately, not just translated.<\/p>\n            <p>We draft and review international contracts in German and\n            English, and advise on governing language, applicable law,\n            and interpretation risk.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-hamburg\">Hamburg as Forum<\/h2>\n            <p>For contracts with a Hamburg or Northern Germany\n            connection, Hamburg may be a practical forum to consider.\n            Since 2025, Hamburg also has a Commercial Court for suitable\n            high-value commercial disputes and Commercial Chambers for\n            certain commercial disputes, with English-language\n            proceedings available in qualifying cases where the\n            statutory and procedural requirements are met. The specific\n            jurisdiction and language option should be checked before\n            choosing the forum. Further detail is on our\n            <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-civil-disputes\/\">commercial and civil\n            disputes page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n            <h2 id=\"ic-how\">How We Advise<\/h2>\n            <p>We advise on cross-border contract drafting, choice of\n            law, jurisdiction clauses, CISG applicability, and\n            multilingual contract structuring. For related areas, see\n            our <a href=\"\/en\/contract-disputes-germany\/\">contract\n            disputes page<\/a> and our\n            <a href=\"\/en\/corporate-law-germany\/\">corporate law page<\/a>.\n            Our firm advises in German and English.<\/p>\n\n            <p class=\"anwalt-hinweis\">Advice by\n              <a href=\"\/en\/firm\/alexander-kagan\/\">Alexander Kagan,\n              Attorney at Law<\/a>, admitted to the Hanseatic Bar\n              Association Hamburg. As of: June 2026.<\/p>\n            <p class=\"page-disclaimer\">The contents of this page are for\n            general information only and do not constitute legal advice.\n            A mandate is established only upon express acceptance.<\/p>\n\n          <\/div><!-- \/.service-prose -->\n\n          <aside class=\"page-toc-sidebar\" aria-label=\"Page contents\">\n            <nav>\n              <p class=\"page-toc-sidebar__heading\">Contents<\/p>\n              <ul class=\"page-toc-list\">\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-distinguishes\" class=\"page-toc-link\">What distinguishes international contracts<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-cisg\" class=\"page-toc-link\">The CISG \u2014 when it applies<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-romai\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Choice of law \u2014 Rome I<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-jurisdiction\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Choice of jurisdiction \u2014 Brussels Ia<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-arbitration\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Arbitration vs court<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-crossborder\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Cross-border supply, distribution and agency<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-multilingual\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Multilingual contracts<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-hamburg\" class=\"page-toc-link\">Hamburg as forum<\/a><\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#ic-how\" class=\"page-toc-link\">How we advise<\/a><\/li>\n              <\/ul>\n            <\/nav>\n          <\/aside>\n\n        <\/div><!-- \/.service-layout -->\n      <\/div><!-- \/.container -->\n    <\/section><!-- \/.service-body -->\n\n    <section class=\"section-related\" id=\"leistungen\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"section-label\">Related Services<\/div>\n        <h2>International Contracts &mdash; Related Pages<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"related-grid\">\n          <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-law\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Commercial Law Hub<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-contract-law\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Commercial Contract\n              Law<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contract-law-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">German Contract Law<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contract-disputes-germany\/\"\n            class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Contract Disputes\n              Germany<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/debt-collection-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Debt Collection\n              Germany<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/commercial-civil-disputes\/\"\n            class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Services<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">Commercial &amp; Civil\n              Disputes<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/corporate-law-germany\/\" class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">Cross-Cluster<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">German Corporate\n              Law<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/for-international-companies\/\"\n            class=\"related-card\">\n            <span class=\"related-card-topic\">For whom<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-title\">For International\n              Companies<\/span>\n            <span class=\"related-card-arrow\"><\/span>\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"faq-section\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-heading-ic\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"section-label\">FAQ<\/div>\n        <h2 id=\"faq-heading-ic\">Frequently Asked Questions &mdash;\n          International Contracts Germany<\/h2>\n        <ul class=\"faq-list\" role=\"list\">\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>When does the CISG apply to my contract?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>The CISG applies to international sales of goods\n              &mdash; not services, consumer contracts or licence\n              agreements &mdash; where the parties have their places\n              of business in different Contracting States, or where\n              conflict-of-law rules lead to the law of a Contracting\n              State, unless excluded or modified. It applies\n              automatically where its conditions are met. Germany is\n              a Contracting State. Whether the CISG or German\n              domestic sales law produces a better outcome depends on\n              the specific transaction.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Should I exclude the CISG in my contract?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>Not automatically. The CISG provides a neutral,\n              internationally recognised framework for sales of goods.\n              For some transactions it is preferable to domestic law;\n              for others, exclusion may make sense. The decision\n              should be deliberate and transaction-specific. Where\n              exclusion is wanted, the clause should be express and\n              carefully drafted.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Does a choice-of-law clause also establish\n                jurisdiction?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>No. Choice of law and jurisdiction are separate\n              questions. A German-law clause makes German law govern\n              the contract; it does not make German courts competent\n              to hear disputes. A separate jurisdiction clause &mdash;\n              or an arbitration clause &mdash; is required to address\n              forum. Within the EU, jurisdiction clauses are governed\n              by Brussels Ia. Outside the EU, the effect depends on\n              the foreign jurisdiction&rsquo;s approach.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Court or arbitration for international\n                disputes?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>Arbitration may be appropriate where enforcement\n              outside the EU, confidentiality or neutrality of forum\n              are important. Arbitral awards may benefit from the New\n              York Convention enforcement framework in many\n              jurisdictions. For many German-law disputes, state\n              courts may also be suitable. The choice of forum should\n              be addressed at the contract-drafting stage.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>What sanctions and export control issues arise in\n                international contracts?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>International contracts can raise sanctions,\n              export-control or dual-use interfaces. We address these\n              issues at contract level and coordinate specialist\n              compliance advice where required. EU sanctions\n              regulations, export control rules and &mdash; for\n              US-nexus transactions &mdash; US export controls may\n              all be relevant.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n          <li class=\"faq-item\">\n            <button class=\"faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n              <span>Can a multi-jurisdiction contract be governed by\n                German law?<\/span>\n              <span class=\"faq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span>\n            <\/button>\n            <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n              <p>German law can be chosen as the governing law for\n              multi-party or multi-jurisdiction contracts,\n              particularly where there is a German performance,\n              counterparty or enforcement link. The main practical\n              considerations are CISG applicability (requires\n              separate exclusion if unwanted), enforcement of\n              judgments outside the EU, and the application of German\n              mandatory rules. We advise on governing law selection\n              and the contract provisions needed to make the choice\n              of German law work in practice.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/li>\n\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"section-cta\">\n      <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"cta-inner\">\n          <div class=\"section-label\">Request Advice<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"cta-heading\">International Contracts &mdash;\n            Request Advice<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"cta-body\">We advise on cross-border contract\n          drafting, choice of law, jurisdiction clauses, CISG\n          applicability, and multilingual contract structuring.<\/p>\n          <p class=\"cta-body\">Please outline your situation briefly.\n          Useful details include contract type, counterparty\n          jurisdiction, governing law, and the specific question.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"cta-actions\">\n            <a href=\"\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn btn-primary btn-lg\">\n              Request Advice<\/a>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"cta-body page-meta\">Please do not send confidential\n          original documents before a mandate has been accepted.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n  \n<\/main>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n  {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"Service\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/international-contracts\/#service\",\n        \"name\": \"International Contracts Germany CISG Lawyer\",\n        \"description\": \"Legal advice on international contracts under German and CISG law \u2014 cross-border B2B, choice of law (Rome I), jurisdiction (Brussels Ia), arbitration clauses. Kagan Legal Hamburg.\",\n        \"provider\": {\n          \"@type\": \"LegalService\",\n          \"name\": \"Kagan Legal\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/\"\n        },\n        \"areaServed\": \"DE\",\n        \"availableLanguage\": [\"English\", \"German\"]\n      },\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/international-contracts\/#faq\",\n        \"mainEntity\": [\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"When does the CISG apply to my contract?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"The CISG applies to international sales of goods \u2014 not services or consumer contracts \u2014 where the parties have their places of business in different Contracting States, or where conflict-of-law rules lead to the law of a Contracting State, unless excluded or modified. It applies automatically where its conditions are met.\"\n            }\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Does a choice-of-law clause also establish jurisdiction?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"No. Choice of law and jurisdiction are separate questions. A German-law clause does not make German courts competent. A separate jurisdiction or arbitration clause is required. Within the EU, jurisdiction clauses are governed by Brussels Ia.\"\n            }\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Court or arbitration for international disputes?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"Arbitration may be appropriate where enforcement outside the EU, confidentiality or neutral forum are important. Arbitral awards may benefit from the New York Convention framework. For many German-law disputes, state courts may also be suitable.\"\n            }\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Can a multi-jurisdiction contract be governed by German law?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"German law can be chosen as governing law, particularly where there is a German performance, counterparty or enforcement link. CISG applicability requires separate exclusion if unwanted. Enforcement of judgments outside the EU depends on jurisdiction-specific rules.\"\n            }\n          }\n        ]\n      },\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/international-contracts\/#breadcrumb\",\n        \"itemListElement\": [\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n            \"position\": 1,\n            \"name\": \"Home\",\n            \"item\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/\"\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n            \"position\": 2,\n            \"name\": \"Commercial Law\",\n            \"item\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/commercial-law\/\"\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n            \"position\": 3,\n            \"name\": \"International Contracts Germany\",\n            \"item\": \"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/international-contracts\/\"\n          }\n        ]\n      }\n    ]\n  }\n  <\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home &middot; Services &middot; Commercial Law &middot; International Contracts International Contracts &mdash; German and CISG Advisory International contracts under German law raise four additional questions beyond the domestic context: which law governs, where disputes are heard, which language version is authoritative, and whether the CISG applies. These questions affect liability, limitation periods, enforcement and dispute [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-leistung","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-115","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/115\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kaganlegal-germany.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}